The current study tested a large sample of anthropometric data for mismatch levels against national and international office furniture standards using dynamic seating as a framework with traditional and perching mismatch equations, applied to three recommended dynamic seating components. Dynamic seating (alternating across sitting, perching, and standing) has been suggested as an alternative to overcome those problems. Highly prevalent, office work is associated with sedentarism and physical discomfort due to prolonged sitting. The author wishes to thank all experiment leaders and researchers involved in the data collection and data reduction process, and Katja Kircher, the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, and Björn Johansson, Linköping University, for supervising the article process.Īnthropometry is critical for product and workplace design. The study was supported by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union (2014–2020), project Xcycle (grant agreement number 635975). The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. One proposal to minimise red Declaration of competing interest Monitoring time was shared between the traffic light and the CDT and no difference was found in attention to important targets in relation to the CDT in the monitoring loop. The active CDT caused cyclists to regulate their speed to the expected green signal, and reduced start-up delays were noted in the regulating loop, as were signs of more red light violations. The outcomes supported the ECOM predictions. This is one of few studies regarding CDTs for cyclists. Applying the ECOM as an analytical tool, cyclist behaviour suggests that both Conclusions Regardless of behaviour, the necessary information was sampled to the same degree both with and without the CDT. Depending on the current situation, different adaptive behaviours were demonstrated. The results all indicate that cyclists seek and use the information that is presented to them on a CDT showing the remaining time left to green, in order to make the passage through the intersection more comfortable. Five different cyclists carried out the six red light violations in the treatment condition, one of whom violated Discussion between landmarks 元 and L4, for instance the light could change from green to red and then back to green after the red phase. Note that the traffic light may change several times after the approach, i.e. 7 show stopping behaviour and red light violations depending on the colour of the traffic light on approach for the baseline and treatment conditions, respectively. The participants returned for the Resultsįig. A baseline study was conducted in May 2017, before installation of the CDT, wherein the participants cycled four times along an approximately 1 km long route that passed the intersection where the CDT would be installed. The study was conducted in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands, where a CDT that counted down to green for cyclists was installed at a signalized intersection. The research design was a before-after study with a within-group design. Pedestrian and car countdown timers (CDTs) have been used to help pedestrians make better crossing decisions at signalized intersections (Arhin et al., 2011 Camden et al., 2012 Cleaver et al., 2011 Pulugurtha et al., 2010), increase pedestrian compliance (Paschalidis et al., 2016 Reddy et al., 2008) and safety (Reddy et al., 2008 Schrock and Bundy, 2008), to help car drivers make informed decisions (Yuan et al., 2009 Zhang et al., 2010) and to increase traffic flow (Ni et al., 2013 Wenbo Method The extended control model (Hollnagel, 2016 Hollnagel and Woods, 2005) is used for generating hypotheses of the study. The aim of this paper is to investigate the adaptive behaviours of cyclists by answering the following questions: How do cyclists adapt their behaviour towards a countdown to green sign? Does the adaptation have any detrimental effects on crucial information intake? Because cyclists might respond to this new type of traffic equipment in unexpected ways, it is important to verify that the intended effects have been achieved and that unintended effects have been minimised. An expected side effect was that cyclists would more frequently group together and start to pass through the intersection synchronously. The intention was to facilitate for cyclists to adapt their speed in order to arrive at the intersection when the traffic light was green. In the European Union project Xcycle (H2020 – 635975) a countdown to green sign for cyclists, activated by cyclist presence, was developed and installed at an intersection. Installing a piece of road equipment can lead to unintended adaptations by users of the road (Rudin-Brown and Jamson, 2013).
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